El Barroco
Jefe de redacción: Edouard Glissant
Extraído de La Revista "Correo de la Unesco"
"El Barroco". 1987
Es sólito hablar del barroco, a veces con intención peyorativa, otras exaltándolo, como si se tratara sólo de una forma o estilo de arte. Pero el arte barroco, histórica y geográficamente situado, es parte de un todo, manifestación de un contexto general de la vida del hombre europeo occidental. Hay, en efecto, un hombre y una cultura barrocos que surgen a la historia aproximadamente en el año 1600 y se extinguen más o menos a mediados del siglo XVIII. Su área de desarrollo la forman principalmente los países de la mitad occidental de Europa, en especial los latinos, con prolongaciones hacia la mitad oriental y, sobre todo, con una implantación masiva en las colonias iberoamericanas donde va a surgir un avatar mestizo del barroco de gran importancia para la historia del arte y la cultura.
Esta cultura del barroco nace de una situación histórica caracterizada por una profunda crisis económica y social en la que el fasto triunfalista de las monarquías absolutas y de la iglesia de la Contrarreforma no logran ocultar las manifestaciones evidentes de la depresión existencial por la que pasaba el europeo de la época, sacudido en sus creencias religiosas por la marejada de la Reforma luterana y por las primeras audaces empresas del racionalismo y la ciencia modernos.
De esa arraigada conciencia de crisis que va a durar siglo y medio y que se extinguirá con el humanismo optimista de las Luces derivan muchos de los rasgos esenciales del arte y la literatura barrocos: desencanto, visión de lo real como apariencia e ilusión, teatralización del mundo y de la vida, conciencia aguda del tiempo que pasa y de la muerte como finitud absoluta, gusto por el artificio y la pompa, exasperación "expresionista" de las formas... Pero de esas tendencias depresivas del alma europea nace, por paradoja, una explosión incomparable de sensualidad, de ganas de vivir y de gozar que explica esa exuberante proliferación artística que aun nos deslumhra y ese prodigioso universo sonoro que es la música barroca.
Arte y cultura de la Europa del Seiscientos y del Setecientos, el barroco se implanta y desarrolla en las colonias españolas y portuguesas de América con caracteres muy peculiares que van a coronarlo transformándolo. Los modelos peninsulares se aclimatan poco a poco culturalmente a la nueva realidad mestiza americana, que a menudo se introduce en las obras mediante pequeñas pero sutiles modificaciones de aquellos. Lo iberoamericano termina así por manifestarse plenamente en soberbias creaciones populares como la iglesia mexicana de Santa María Tonantzintla, esa "capilla sixtina" del arte colonial.
Pero ¿es el barroco solamente un fenómeno europeo e iberoamericano? Hay críticos que consideran lo barroco como una constante cultural que se repite a lo largo de la historia del arte. Y es cierto que fuera de Europa y América, en regiones de cultura muy distinta como Persia, China, Japón o Camboya, se han dado fenómenos estrechamente emparentados con la sensibilidad y la expresión barrocas. Por otro lado, resulta significativo que un siglo como el nuestro, época también de crisis, mutaciones y creencias vacilantes, sienta una marcada intimidad con ciertas formas culturales y artísticas del siglo XVII. Quizá quepa pues considerar lo barroco como una categoría de la sensibilidad estética, lo que abriría una ancha perspectiva hacia su mundialización.
Fuente: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000765/076517so.pdf
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